Migration is a major continuing phenomenon associated with national and subnational development. The past, present, and future significance of migration on rural development and agriculture are reviewed in this paper. Data are cited which appear to be at variance with popular beliefs. The complexity of interrelationships between migration development (including rural development) and agriculture are illustrated. Discussed are the significant differences among and within regions in patterns of population distribution and related migration behavior. The income position of agriculture in the South, factors affecting U.S. migration, and the relation of migration to agriculture and rural development potentials are discussed. Tables, maps, and graphs are used to present the data.