This study examines the economic impact of improved seed use on rural household food security in Cameroon. Descriptive statistics and the matching score procedure were used on a sample of 4 101 households from the 2017 Cameroon Comprehensive Food Security and Household Vulnerability Assessment. Among them, 26.53% of households were users of improved seeds, while the remaining 73.47% were non-users. The results show that, on average, users of improved seeds have a higher food consumption score, of 3.5 versus 5.2, and reduced food expenditure, of 3.76 versus 4.29, compared to non-users. These households also reduced their food stocks proportionally, from 21.67 to 19.6, compared to non-users. It is then suggested that an intervention among rural households to increase the use of improved seeds could improve their food security.