Excerpts: One of the most widely discussed issues in development economics during the 1970s has been that of unemployment and underemployment. Although open unemployment has generally been quite low in agriculture, considerable rural underemployment (including what is sometimes called "disguised" or "hidden" unemployment) has been reported for many countries, including Bolivia. When rural underemployment data are converted to "unemployment equivalent" rates, the resulting figures are often startlingly high. This paper will critically review data on the labor force, employment, unemployment, and underemployment in rural Bolivia. In addition, it will examine the related subjects of internal and external migration, wage rates, and government employment policy. Finally, suggestions will be made for future research on these subjects. But first it is useful to consider in some detail the appropriateness of unemployment and underemployment as welfare indicators.