The aim of this article is to compare two agricultural policies, one implemented by a neoliberal state with a focus on the market economy (Peru), the other devised by a planning state and based on the principles of buen vivir (Ecuador). In these two countries with common past trajectories, how does this ideological change manifest itself within agricultural policy and in the practice of planning? A comparative analysis shows that the states do not intervene in the same way within their respective countries. However, other elements of Ecuadorian agricultural policy have several similarities with those of Peru. These analogies are contrary to the objectives of the Ecuadorian state.