This paper analyses the role of credit and education in the differences in maize productivity between women and men in Burkina Faso. The Oaxaca and Blinder decomposition was used on a sample of 2 421 maize-producing households. The results show that women’s access to agricultural credit reduces differences in productivity by about 8.44%. On the other hand, the low endowment of agricultural equipment, as well as the low participation of women in farmers’ organisations, deprive them of a great deal of opportunities that could increase their productivity. The link between education and gender gaps in agricultural productivity was not established, however, and was explained by a possible mismatch between formal education programmes and the realities of rural areas. The results suggest the strengthening of credit distribution policies with preferential interest rates, and the establishment of a fund-monitoring system.