The effects of two fertilizer combinations containing a similar amount of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) viz, cow manure, urea and TSP @ 5000, 125 and 100 kg/ha, respectively, (Treatment-1) and poultry-manure, urea and TSP @ of 2000, 125 and 100 kg/ha, respectively, (Treatment-2) on water and sediment quality parameters, and biological production in six earthen ponds of 100 m2 each for a period of eight weeks use studied. The values of N nutrients (NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N) in water were significantly lower but that of PO4-P were significantly higher in T-2. Though not significant, total N and available P in the pond sediment were lower in T-2. Four groups of phytoplankton such as Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophycae, Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae and two groups of zooplankton namely, Crustacean and Rotifer were recorded from the experimental ponds. The mean abundance of both phytoplankton (78.25 ± 6.33 x 104 cells/I) and zooplankton (57.63 ± 4.59 x104 cells/LI), were significantly higher (p<0.05) in ponds treated with poultry manure (Treatment-2). The result of the present study showed that despite iso-nutrients content, poultry manure with urea and TSP is significantly superior to cow manure with urea and TSP for maintaining hydrological conditions and plankton production in earthen ponds.