Based on the ecological environmental situation of poverty-stricken areas in China and the domestic and foreign research results, the long-term effective mechanism of sustainable poverty alleviation in China is established(the ideological premise is ecological culture, the material base is ecological economy and the basic guarantee is ecological system ) from the perspective of ecological management. To be specific, ecological culture, the ideological premise of rural sustainable poverty alleviation in China, includes two aspects：the first one is upholding the Marxism, passing on the Chinese traditional ecological wisdom and fostering ecological consciousness; the second one is mirroring the thought western modern ecological ethics, emphasizing ecological criticism and redoubling the ecological education. As for ecological economy, the material guarantee for sustainable poverty alleviation in Chinese rural poverty-stricken areas, also contents two aspects. The first one is promoting the way of “clean production” and developing ecological industry; the second one is building ecological concept of consumption and establishing the ecological lifestyle. In addition, ecological system, the basic guarantee of sustainable poverty alleviation in Chinese rural poverty-stricken areas, covers three terms. The first one is implementing the ecological policies and stipulating ecological plan; the second one is establishing perfect ecological legislation and ecological system and intensifying their implementation; the third one is enforcing ecological management in the process of sustainable poverty alleviation. Through the establishment of the above mechanism, we look forward to realizing sustainability of economic development and poverty alleviation effects in the process of poverty alleviation in Chinese rural areas, as well as ecological management of the poverty-stricken areas.