Two alternative visions for U.S. agriculture are described—“the global competitiveness vision” and the “sustainable agriculture vision”—together with farm policy reform proposals associated with each vision. The USDA’s proposed policy reforms (released in January 2007) also are briefly explained and compared to those of groups associated with the global competitiveness and sustainable agriculture visions. The author closes the article with a discussion of the compatibility of different reform proposals and the challenges of passing legislation containing major policy reform.