Climate change poses a pressing global challenge, driven largely by rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels from fossil fuel combustion and land-use changes. Forests play a pivotal role in mitigating these emissions through carbon sequestration—absorbing CO₂ via photosynthesis and storing it in biomass and soil. As the largest terrestrial carbon sinks, forests contribute significantly to the global carbon cycle, with soil and vegetation collectively storing more carbon than the atmosphere. However, ongoing deforestation—amounting to 420 million hectares lost since 1990—threatens these critical carbon reservoirs. This paper explores the mechanisms, impacts, and potential of forest carbon sequestration. It discusses how forest type, management practices, and soil dynamics influence carbon storage capacity. India, for instance, with 21.71% forest cover, has demonstrated measurable increases in carbon stock, emphasizing the importance of effective forest monitoring and policy implementation. Global and regional data highlight trends in carbon fluxes, forest growth, and biomass distribution. Rising CO₂ levels—exceeding 400 ppm—are linked to severe climate effects, including sea-level rise and ecosystem disruptions. Forest ecosystems buffer these effects but face threats from wildfires, degradation, and poor land-use practices. Sustainable forest management, including afforestation, reforestation, and conservation, is essential to enhancing carbon sequestration. Accurate carbon estimation through biometric methods and models, such as allometric equations, is vital for tracking progress. The study underscores that while forests alone cannot offset all emissions, they remain an indispensable part of climate strategies. Protecting old-growth forests, optimizing reforestation efforts, and integrating sustainable land-use policies can significantly contribute to achieving global carbon neutrality goals. Forest-based carbon capture, supported by scientific measurement and sustainable practices, offers a resilient, long-term solution to mitigating climate change.
