Files
Abstract
Breastfeeding offers significant health benefits, yet only 25% of U.S. infants meet exclusive six month recommendations. A stable formula supply is essential for formula-fed infants, but market consolidation makes it vulnerable to disruptions. Using NielsenIQ Retail Scanner Data, this study evaluates the impacts of COVID-19 and the 2022 formula shortage on infant formula purchases. The pandemic increased formula sales by 14.8%, with greater impacts in low-income and rural areas, while the 2022 shortage led to a 24.3% decline, disproportionately affecting low-income and highly consolidated markets. Findings highlight the need for regulatory reforms to strengthen formula supply chain resilience and reduce disparities.