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Abstract
Nanoscience is a discipline that presents accelerated advances in the development of technology in recent years. Its scope reaches diverse sectors that include from medicine to industry, and more recently the control and mitigation of environmental contamination. In this review the basic concepts of nanoscience and nanotechnology are described. Examples regarding the use and application of synthetic nanoparticles, as a technological strategy for the treatment of soil and water contaminated are also cited. The toxicological implications of large scale nanomaterials use and their probable endpoint in the environment are discussed, because there is limited knowledge of environmental interaction mechanisms. It is important to point out the scarce studies on this technology application under field conditions and need for evaluating the behavior of nanomaterials throughout time.