With the rapid development of modern agriculture, the prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests has become an important part to ensure the safety of agricultural production, the quality of agricultural products and the safety of agricultural ecological environment. Although the effect of traditional chemical prevention and control technology is remarkable, the health risks and environmental problems brought by it should not be ignored. As a green and environmentally friendly means of prevention and control, biological prevention and control technology has gradually become a hot research topic and a trend of agricultural production. This paper is intended to comprehensively evaluate the social costs of biological control technologies for crop diseases and pests, including the health risks reduced, environmental improvements, economic benefits, and barriers to promotion, and put forward corresponding policy recommendations.