Timing Matters: Estimating within-day variation in the rebound effect

Travel demand and congestion fluctuate throughout the day, but temporal heterogeneity in travel demand elasticities is often overlooked. I estimate within-day variation in the fuel economy elasticity of travel demand, illustrating the timing of the rebound effect — when higher fuel efficiency standards increase mileage by decreasing per-mile costs. I find that drivers are most elastic during peak demand periods that coincide with morning and evening commuting hours. Mode switching for shorter commute trips in areas with low-cost alternatives appears to drive much of the within-day heterogeneity. Further, accounting for temporal heterogeneity in the rebound effect has the potential to determine whether the congestion costs of a fuel economy improvement exceed the pollution benefits.