Report Introduction: Cotton and flax, obtained from plants, and wool and silk, of animal origin, are known to nearly everyone, but there are many other fibers, important in commerce for special uses or used locally, that are not so widely known. This publication treats of plant fibers other than cotton and flax that are now produced commercially in the Western Hemisphere and include brief notes about others produced on a smaller scale. More than a thousand species of American plant have yielded fibers of local uses, but only a small number yield fibers that actually enter commerce. The native production of fiber by laborious hand methods for local use is decreasing, as roads and traffic into hitherto isolated places are bringing in machine-made twine, ropes, and fabrics.