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Abstract
Context and background the type of land tenure system affects the kind of farming activities and agricultural productivity, as it determines land ownership and usage conditions. this ownership and usage have a gender gap against women, and this affects agricultural productivity and, subsequently, the agricultural value chain. therefore, women being disadvantaged in access to agricultural resources including land means low productivity and low participation in the agriculture value chain for them. Previous studies on gender differences in agriculture concentrate on the gender gap in agricultural productivity to the neglect of the gender difference in agricultural value chain participation. Goal and objectives: this study looks at the forms of land ownership and how that affects gender differences in agriculture value chain participation. Specifically, the study sought to provide insights into the questions of; (i) what are the forms of land ownership in the studied countries, and how do they affect land access in a gender dimension? (ii) does forms of land ownership relate to contract farming and how does that affect smallholders’ agricultural value chain engagement methodology: the study measures farmers' participation in the agriculture value chain (avc) by three variables; whether the farmer has a contract to sell his/her crops/livestock, whether the farmer gets a current market price for his/her crops/livestock, and whether the farmer faces challenge in getting crops/livestock to customers.these three variables were used to compose an index which is an aggregate of avc participation of farmers, where avc participation is a farmer who gets the current market price, faces no challenge, and may have a contract to sell. A binary logistic regression analysis was adopted for the econometric estimation results: the study findings underscored, among other things, that private land ownership form allows more access to land and impact positively on the participation of farmers in the agriculture value chain. however, there are differences ingender dichotomy among the countries. context factors (whether a farmer is located in either a rural or urban area; contract farmer or not; whether a farmer considers farming as a business or not) affect agricultural value chain participation. Policy implications are discussed in the study.