This policy brief examines the economic and social costs of land and soil degradation in Malawi. With 85% of the rural population reliant on agriculture, soil health is critical for food security and livelihoods. However, approximately 40% of Malawian soils are in poor health, resulting in significant declines in agricultural productivity and economic losses. Malawi loses at least 2.3 million metric tons of maize annually due to soil degradation, with associated GDP losses of up to 2.7% per annum. These losses could begin to be addressed through comprehensive implementation of the Fertilizer and Soil Health Action Plan, emphasizing the need for stakeholder engagement, farmer empowerment, and public awareness.