Key Messages • Results from the MwAPATA Aquaculture Survey show that 87% of small-scale fish farms in Malawi are individually owned, and most fish farming households are male headed (86%). • Most farms (95%) use low-technology earthen ponds, which are susceptible to floods, erosion, and natural predators. • Nearly all farms (99.8%) are stocked with mixed-sex fingerlings, which are associated with uncontrolled reproduction, low survival rates, overcrowding, and stunted growth. • It is encouraging that many farms apply organic fertilizers (87%) and inorganic fertilizers (49.4%). However, small-scale fish farming in Malawi is characterized by limited usage of other high-quality inputs, such as commercial feed (floating feed), which constrains the productivity of the sector. • Nevertheless, small-scale aquaculture has potential to improve farmersʼ livelihoods and welfare through economic and dietary diversification. • Survey results point to a need to disseminate modern fish farming practices and technologies; promote the active participation of youths and women; organize fish farmers into groups and strengthen existing farmersʼ associations; and incentivize private sector investment, particularly in the production of floating fish feed.