Excerpts: Landscapes are integral to the culture and economies of the Northwest region. Natural and managed lands and their resources are valued locally, regionally, and nationally. The importance of agriculture to the region is reflected in efforts to conserve productive lands; over the past 30 years, less land has been converted from agriculture here than elsewhere in the United States. Producers and landowners in the Northwestern United States are already facing challenges from a changing climate and increased weather variability, and are altering their management decisions as a result. Increasing climate variability and new temperature and precipitation trends directly affect agriculture and add to uncertainties about ensuring food security and identifying cost-effective practices for profitable agricultural production. Maintaining agricultural production with an increasingly variable climate requires maintaining consistent energy and water supplies and remaining flexible in adapting crop choices and crop management to future climate conditions. Table 2 provides a summary of the Northwest’s regional climate risks, effects, adaptation, and information needed. Some of the most significant risks to forests in the Northwest, including family-owned forests and woodlands, include drought, increased wildfire events, increased insect infestations, extreme weather events, and potential species shifts. Family forest landowners control over 60 percent of the private forest land in the United States. In the Northwest, family-owned forests make up more than 6,900,000 acres; it is estimated that more than 200,000 families each own between 5 and 10,000 acres in Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Alaska. Vulnerabilities by forest type are provided below. Different forest types are vulnerable to climate change in different ways, so, adaptation strategies will vary by region and forest type. Vulnerabilities will be more severe in 2100 than in 2050. .