This report looks at recent population trends, the changing structure of economic sectors, the labor force, and job growth in rural areas. After a decade of overall population loss from 2010 to 2020, nonmetropolitan areas grew at a faster rate than metropolitan areas during 2020–21 due to a sharp turnaround in migration flows occurring in the first year and a half of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The rural population is aging, and the working-age population is declining. The fastest growing rural industries are smaller in employment size than many of the slower growing rural industries—except for health care and social assistance, which is a large and growing industry. Industries in rural areas have been growing; however, agriculture and manufacturing grew in output and productivity but not in jobs. The diversity of the rural workforce is increasing. Rural job growth from 2012 to 2019 for all other races and/or Hispanic workers was higher than for White workers in every industry except agriculture.