Africa will be undergoing substantial demographic changes in the coming decades with the rising working age share of its population. African countries will have the opportunity to convert these changes into substantial demographic dividends for growth and poverty reduction. The dividend for growth could account for about 0.37 to.42 percentage points of average annual real GDP per capita growth between 2011 and 2030, equal to 11 to 15 percent of GDP volume growth, while accounting for 40 to 60 million fewer poor in 2030. Countries with the most rapid demographic changes have the greatest potential gains. However, these dividends however can only be achieved if the working age population growth can be accompanied by improvements in employment and labor force participation rates, and if the falling dependency ratios can accelerate growth of the capital stock and deepen capital.