Using data on U.S. farms and the households that farm, we present a distributional analysis of the impacts of decoupled payments on farm household well-being, considering both the unequal distribution of direct payments across the recipient population as well as the unequal pass-through from producers to landowners. Results show that heterogeneity in payments and heterogeneity in program “base acre” ownership combine in important ways. These impacts are important for understanding how production distortions may be caused by the payments, and are not captured by typical “representative agent” models. Results are viewed relative to several dimensions of well-being and relative to using either the firm or the household as the unit of analysis.