The U.S. agricultural economy experienced pronounced volatility over the 2009–19 decade, including strong periods of expansion in the first part of the decade followed by several years of contraction. Although many financial indicators of well-being—including farm sector and household income—were at or near their long-term average in 2019, shifts in the distribution of Government payments from farm programs occurred. In addition, bankruptcy rates were elevated in some key agricultural States. This report describes major trends in the agricultural economy over the most recent decade for which survey data are available (2009–19) and explores drivers underlying the trends. The analysis is based on USDA’s Farm Income and Wealth Statistics data product, data collected from farm operators and farm households through the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS), and data from U.S. Bankruptcy Courts. The charts and analyses provide a historical perspective to evaluate current economic conditions.