With the popularization of quality education, the teaching evaluation of fine art class in rural primary schools has become an important part of the new curriculum reform, which tests whether the teaching goals are effectively achieved. This paper takes the formative evaluation system of fine art classroom teaching in rural primary schools as the research object, analyzes the research status of the formative evaluation system in rural primary schools, and expounds the theoretical basis and construction principles of the formative evaluation system. This paper constructs a formative evaluation system of fine art classroom teaching in rural primary schools from the aspects of teachers and students inside and outside the classroom, teaching process and teaching effect, in order to effectively stimulate students' interest in learning and improve their aesthetic literacy.