Net returns after cash expenses increase from $22.27 to $43.27 per planted acre of grain sorghum in 1990 when the direct effects of programs are included in the estimates, and net returns after cash expenses and capital replacement costs increase from -$0.48 to $18.69. Total cash expenses increase from $95.03 to $99.86 per planted acre, and economic costs from $164.15 to $174.07. Generally, 70 percent of sorghum producers participate in Government programs. Program participants must put some of their land (10 percent in 1990) into conserving-use acres and must incur costs to plant at least half the set-aside acreage in an annual or perennial cover, except in arid areas.