Key Findings -Crop varietal development in Nigeria is primarily conducted by the public sector. Consequently, most improved crop varieties have been released by a relatively small number of institutes. -Crop productivity in Nigeria can be significantly increased by expanding support for crop varietal development in a manner that increases the similarity in agroecological conditions between the locations where crop breeding is conducted and the areas where farmers produce those crops. -Diversity in the locations of research institutes conducting crop breeding and varietal development matters for overall crop productivity and technical efficiency in Nigeria.