Farmer is the main body of rural environmental behavior, and cultivation of farmers’ ecological consciousness and behavior is important to rural environmental governance and rural eco-civilization construction. In this paper, agricultural waste recycling is studied based on individual behavior theory. We analyze status quo of agricultural waste recycling by farmers, and point out the importance of farmer behavior in eco-environment governance, thereby excavating influence factors of agricultural waste recycling by farmers from perceived benefits and perceived risks. On this basis, countermeasures and measures of cultivating farmers’ environmental protection behavior and ecological consciousness are proposed.