This publication is proceedings held in Bali, Indonesia, to review progress on research related to characterizing and understanding rainfed lowland rice environments and considering future research issues and opportunities for collaboration. Seventy scientists from 15 countries attended. Over the years, IRRI, in partnership with national agricultural research systems of Asian countries, has been carrying out studies to understand rainfed environments and cropping practices so that research results can be applied to use appropriate technology to improve production in these fragile ecosystems. Papers report on studies carried out in different geographical areas by a variety of national institutions using different methodologies. This workshop was partially supported by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.