The production, consumption, and trade of coarse grains have been shaped by domestic government policies such as price and income supports, input subsidies, and trade policies such as export subsidies, quotas, and variable levies. Recent studies suggest that world efficiency gains from agricultural trade reform could be substantial. Research suggests that phasing down worldwide government support and protection of agriculture would increase world coarse grain trade and raise coarse grain prices. World coarse grain production and consumption would rise slightly. The United States and Argentina would gain most in trade as the EC- 12, Canada, and China exports contract, with the EC-12 and China becoming net importers.