We provide a sustainability assessment of Spanish agriculture at provincial scale using a multidimensional set of indicators selected according to established frameworks for sustainable development, their relevance in the Spanish context and data availability. Results point to the existence of four clusters of provinces according to their performance in terms of agricultural sustainability. Higher economic sustainability in provincial agriculture seems to be mostly associated to more intensive use of agricultural labour and agricultural machinery and where wealth growth is faster. Social sustainability seems to be linked to higher diversification of economic activities and quality productions under PDO and PGI. Best environmental sustainability is achieved where the extension of agricultural land is larger, where less agricultural area is burned, and where there is better carbon stock and sequestration by agricultural ecosystems. It is expected that results could improve policy coherence and decision- making for more sustainable agricultural systems in Spanish regions.