The current study used the Heckman two-stage model to analyze the influences of chronic and acute diseases on the agricultural labor participation and time input of middle aged and older rural populations. The data was based on the mid-aged and older rural people from national baseline survey in China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 and 2013. Results indicated that chronic diseases did not have an influence on the participation of mid-aged and older people in agriculture, but labor time was decreased. Acute diseases decreased both labor time and probability of participation.