The major methods used to introduce genes into crop plants, including Agrobacteriummediated transformation, electroporation and particle bombardment are outlined. Their use for crop improvement in the areas of increasing resistance to insects, herbicides and microbial pathogens, improving the nutrient value of seed and grain proteins, and enhancing the shelf-life of fruits are discussed. Future prospects for improving plant productivity, increasing resistance to drought and salinity, and introducing nitrogen-fixing capability to nonlegumes are evaluated.