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Abstract
Non-tariff measures such as food safety standards are used to achieve the non-trade objective
of protecting consumers’ health and safety. However, they can also be used as a trade protection
tool to drive a price wedge between domestic and foreign producers. This study investigates the
protectionist intent of EU food safety standards using a sample of EU food imported from
African countries with a specific focus on tomatoes and citrus fruits. We formalize what
protectionism is by comparing EU standards to the internationally scientific referenced
benchmarks regulated jointly by both the Food and Agricultural Organization and the World
Health Organization. Our results show that the EU tomato sector is less dependent on imports
and is overprotected by more stringent standards relative to the international benchmarks.
Conversely, we find that the EU orange and lime and lemon sectors are heavily import
dependent and are under-protected relative to the international standards. These results largely
support the hypothesis that heavily import dependent sectors are less protected.