The paper presents an analysis of the spatial structure of the Polish agriculture. Basing on the results of the Agricultural Census of 2010, six groups of internal factors in agriculture have been differentiated (land quality and land use; agrarian structure; socio-demographic factors; technical equipment; production structure; production and economical factors), which facilitated both the creation of the index of the general level of agriculture and the evaluation of the agricultural structure. The spatial matrices which evolved in the process were juxtaposed with the selected external factors in agriculture: natural, historical, urban and those related to the financial support available within the Common Agricultural Policy. It has been shown that the diverse spatial structure of agriculture is connected with natural factors to a small extent only; within the category of man-made factors, even if the European funds are well absorbed, historical determinants are the most significant.