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Abstract
Using average treatment effect and data from 2012 the Central Luzon Loop Survey, this study
investigates the role of gender in rice production. Results indicate that female-headed farm
households, despite having limited access to land, have a higher value of rice production than
their male counterparts. However, there is no significant difference between net farm incomes
earned by male- and female-headed farm households. Female-headed households have higher
fixed costs, consequently earning less total household income. Findings from this study indicate
that women are less efficient in farming, but are more likely to adopt improved seed varieties. In
addition, female-headed farm households are better at controlling farming costs.