The development of nanotechnology creates an excellent opportunity to address complex technical issues of agricultural supply chains and heralds revolutionary changes. The potential application of nanotechnology to the agricultural and food supply chain is reviewed. Although there is evidence that nanotechnology could enhance agricultural supply chains, further research is necessary to determine whether awareness of the technical advances and benefits alone will be sufficient to overcome resistance to the implementation of these new technologies. Failure to embrace nanotechnology will deny the sector an opportunity to capitalise on improved product visibility, food safety, quality and security and associated economic benefits.