@article{Varghese:44413,
      recid = {44413},
      author = {Varghese, Shalet K. and Manjunatha, A.V. and Poornima,  K.N. and Akarsha, B.M. and Rashmi, N. and Tejaswi,  Pillenahalli Basavarajappa and Saikumar, B.C. and  Jeevarani, A.K. and Accavva, M.S. and Amjath Babu, T.S. and  Suneetha, M.S. and Unnikrishnan, P.M. and Deshpande, R.S.  and Nagaraj, N. and Chandrashekar, H. and Mahadev, G. Bhat  and Chengappa, P.G. and Mundinamani, S.M. and Shanmugam,  T.R. and Chandrakanth, Mysore G.},
      title = {Valuation of Externalities in Water, Forests and  Environment for Sustainable Development},
      address = {2008},
      number = {725-2016-49500},
      pages = {13},
      year = {2008},
      abstract = {Conceptual development in the theory of
externalities have  opened up several policy options for
their internalization  including payment towards
environmental services. Hence as  externalities are social
costs, accountability is crucial  in increasing
environmental awareness and for collective  action
through education and extension more so in  developing
countries. Here a modest attempt has been made  to
estimate externalities in water, forests and  environment
with field data from peninsular India to  reflect on the
economic perception of externalities by  farmers and
users of environment for the consideration of  policy
makers to devise institutions for payment  towards
environmental services.
The methodology largely  used here in estimation /
valuation of externalities is by  considering ‘with –
without’ situations (including ‘before  – after’ in some
cases) akin to ‘project valuation’.  Studies cover
empirical estimation of externalities inter  alia due to
over extraction of groundwater , sand mining,  watershed
development, conservation of forests, sacred  groves,
cultivation of organic coffee, use of medicinal  plants as
alternate medicines and the annual values  presented are
in 2008 prices.
The negative externality due  to sand mining 24 € per
acre, that due to distillery  effluent pollution is 34 € per
acre. The positive  externality due to watershed program
is around 51 € per  acre, and that due to rehabilitation of
irrigation tanks is  26 € per acre. The positive
externality due to cultivation  of shade coffee is 9 € per
acre and that due to forest  conservation 27 € per acre.
The positive externality due to  sacred grove
conservation was 12 € per family. The impact  of forest
conservation on Non timber forest products was 88  € /
per tribal household. The positive externality due to  use
of medicinal plants as alternate medicine is equal to  35 €
per patient suffering from osteo-arthritis and 19 €  per
patient suffering from peptic-ulcer.
While these  estimates are not sacro sanct as the
methodologies for  valuation of externalities are subject
to further review  and improvement, they however serve
as initial indicators  of spillovers. And they signal
possibilities for  consideration of policy makers for
devising alternate  institutions for potential payment
towards environmental  services.},
      url = {http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/44413},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.44413},
}