Industry 4.0 technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and blockchain, promise substantial efficiency and resilience gains for agribusiness supply chains, but their network-dependent value hinges on coordinated adoption. Using primary survey data from 281 agribusiness professionals and a complementarity-based Monte Carlo simulation of a 15-node, five-stage supply chain, we examine how adoption heterogeneity and supply chain position shape system-level technology value. Adoption rates vary sharply by technology (AI: 39.1%; IoT: 29.7%; Blockchain: 6.3%) and by market scope, with multinational firms adopting at nearly twice the rate of local firms. A dynamic model with neighbor-dependent transition probabilities reveals that coordination gains peak at 22–31% during the critical diffusion window (period 5) before narrowing as independent diffusion eventually converges. Technology diffusion in the agri-food supply chain follows a sequential, midstream-led pattern. Processors face the strongest incentive to adopt technologies that enhance traceability and logistics coordination, and lead in adoption. Adoption then spreads downstream before propagating upstream through network interactions, where the production stage exhibits the greatest lag. This asymmetric diffusion pattern highlights how coordination mechanisms, working through the unique structure of the agri-food supply chain, shape the pace and distribution of transformation gains.
