@article{Elzaki:337423,
      recid = {337423},
      author = {Elzaki, Raga M. },
      title = {Challenges of food security in the Gulf Cooperation  Council countries: an empirical analysis of fixed and  random effects},
      journal = {Agricultural and Resource Economics: International  Scientific E-Journal},
      address = {2023-03-20},
      number = {1868-2023-1441},
      month = {Mar},
      year = {2023},
      abstract = {Purpose. This research aims to identify the challenges of  the food security indicators in the Gulf Cooperation  Council (GCC) countries for the period 2000–2020.  Methodology / approach. The dataset of this study includes  the annual secondary data covering the time 2000–2019 of  the six GCC countries. The dependents variables represent  the food security indicators whereas, the independents  variables (explanatory) represent the challenging factors  of the food security at the macro-level data. All the  studied variables are reshaped in the balanced panel form;  thus, the study uses a long panel, it has many periods (T =  20 years) but few entities (n = 6 countries of GCC) with  the total 120 observation. The study applies three  alternatives to panel data analysis.  Results. The results  show that population is a significant driver of food  security challenges in the GCC countries. Moreover, food  price inflation has a significant impact on the food  availability and stability but show no significance on food  access and utilization. Fertilizer consumption causes  significant problems with food use. The results show that  there is an evidence of significant differences in food  security across the GCC countries. The random-effects  estimators of regression coefficients of food availability  and stability challenges are more statistically efficient  than those for pooled ordinary least square and fixed  effects. While the fixed effects estimators are most  preferred for the coefficients of food access and  utilization challenges. Originality / scientific novelty.  Most scientific articles are mostly focused on examining  the food security challenges from one separate aspect:  economics, climate, or social aspects. Thus, the scientific  novelty of the study is to investigate the combination of  the food security challenges, social, economic, and  agri-environmental factors in the GCC oil countries.   Practical value / implications. Through this research, it  is proposed that decision-makers embark on interferences  that stimulate food security to meet the continual increase  in population also future research should be applied to the  other factors that challenged food security.},
      url = {http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/337423},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.337423},
}