@article{Arndt:332130,
      recid = {332130},
      author = {Arndt, Channing and Davies, Rob and Makrelov, Konstantin  and Thurlow, James},
      title = {Low Carbon Development and Carbon Taxes in South Africa},
      address = {2011},
      pages = {24},
      year = {2011},
      note = {Presented at the 14th Annual Conference on Global Economic  Analysis, Venice, Italy},
      abstract = {South Africa is the world‟s most carbon-intensive  non-oil-producing developing country. However, there is  much debate over the appropriateness of policies to reduce  carbon emissions. We estimate the carbon intensity of  different industries, products and households using adapted  multiplier methods based on a supply-use table and  accounting for energy price variations. Results confirm the  importance of measuring both direct and indirect carbon  usage within a framework that captures inter-industry  linkages and multiproduct supply chains. South African  exports are amongst the most carbon-intensive products;  laborintensive and major employing sectors are amongst the  least carbon intensive; and middle-income households are  the most carbon-intensive consumers. These results suggest  that carbon pricing policies would adversely affect export  earnings, unless the carbon content of exports is properly  rebated, and that these policies should not  disproportionately hurt workers or poorer households.  Results indicate that seven percent of emissions arise  though marketing margins. This implies a key role for  transport policy, and suggests that public investments  should accompany carbon pricing.},
      url = {http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/332130},
}