@article{Jacobsen:330167,
      recid = {330167},
      author = {Jacobsen, Lars-Bo},
      title = {From sector specific nitrogen policies to a common  individual transferable quota system - Sector and  Macroeconomic Implication},
      address = {2015},
      pages = {16},
      year = {2015},
      note = {Presented at the 18th Annual Conference on Global Economic  Analysis, Melbourne, Australia},
      abstract = {In 2003, The Water Framework Directive (WFD) was  implemented into legislation in all EU countries. The aim  of the WFD is to achieve “good ecological status” for all  water bodies by 2015 and no later than 2027. Measures  differ among Member States (MS), but common to most MS are  that individual sectors are governed by individual  policies, not taking into accounts that the marginal  abatement cost between producers in all sectors governed by  these individual policies should in principle be equal to  reach an economically optimal regulation practice. In this  paper, we will analyze the policy targeting nitrogen  leaching from agriculture and aquaculture and the overall  as well as sector specific economic consequences of  introducing an individual transferable nitrogen leaching  quota system (ITQs) covering both sectors. The empirical  analysis is carried out with Denmark as a case.  In  Denmark, the first policy measures targeting leaching of  nitrogen was introduced in 1985 subsequently followed by  numerous policy initiatives, The main focus has naturally  been on agriculture as the sectors contributing the major  part of total leaching (currently 70%), point sources  contributes 12 percent, among these are aquaculture with a  contribution of 1.8 per cent of the total leaching. The  remaining 18 percent is contributed from nature (non  man-made contribution). In agriculture nitrogen leaching is  caused by usage of manure and fertilizer whereas  aquaculture contribution origins from the use of feed  through discharges directly in water bodies.   For  agriculture, a broad range of policy measures has been  implemented in the period since 1985, some targeting higher  utilization of manure and fertilizer, buffer zones along  inland water courses etc. A nitrogen-norm system has also  been introduced effectively limiting the amount of nitrogen  farmers can supply to the field. On average, the farmers  are currently using manure and fertilizer at a level 15 per  cent below their economic opti...},
      url = {http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/330167},
}