Based on the representative sample survey data of more than 1 000 farmers in 101 villages of 25 counties of 5 provinces in China, within the framework of family collective decision-making, this paper studied the effects and heterogeneity of childcare and elderly caring on the off-farm employment mode of rural couples. It found that caring the children younger than 3 years old significantly reduces the possibility of off-farm employment of rural couples; conversely, if there is 60-80 years old member in the family, it will significantly increase the possibility of off-farm employment of rural couples or the wives. Caring the children above 12 years old or the elderly older than 80 years old reduces the possibility of off-farm employment of the husbands. Whether there is preschool education service facility in the village has no effect on the off-farm employment of the couples.