@article{Kriesemer:290408,
      recid = {290408},
      author = {Kriesemer, Simone Kathrin and Weinberger, Katinka M. and  Srinivasan, Ramasamy},
      title = {The occurrence of occupational pesticide hazards in  intensive vegetable production in India},
      address = {2011-10-13},
      number = {2232-2019-2299},
      pages = {16},
      month = {Oct},
      year = {2011},
      abstract = {Health risks related to the use of pesticides are known  and have been documented among farmers and farm workers in  India for several crops but not for vegetables. The present  study examines health hazards among brassica growers in  Karnataka, Gujarat, and West Bengal and identifies factors  that influence the occurrence of occupational pesticide  hazards. A structured questionnaire was administered to 290  farmers in 59 randomly selected villages. A multinomial  logistic regression model was developed to reveal which  factors influence the number of signs and symptoms caused  by pesticide exposure. About 32% of interviewed vegetable  producers experienced no negative health effect, 23%  reported between one and three, and 44% experienced four to  twelve signs and symptoms. Forty percent used extremely  hazardous and highly toxic pesticides, 28% applied more  than the recommended dose, and almost 70% spilled pesticide  on their bodies. Results showed farmers’ risk awareness,  their location, and pesticide spillage had a significant  influence on the number of signs and symptoms experienced.  Farmers seemed to develop increased risk awareness only  through trial and error. Any extension approach should  therefore emphasize on information on negative health  effects to increase farmers’ risk awareness. The economic  loss small-scale farmers incur annually through the  ineffective overuse of pesticides in crucifer production in  India should be quantified.},
      url = {http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/290408},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.290408},
}