During the Agrarian Revolutionary War, in order to understand the situation in the countryside, win the revolution and answer the question of the nature of rural society in China, the Chinese Communists spontaneously conducted rural social surveys under the efforts of a group of communists such as Chen Hansheng, Mao Zedong, Zhang Wentian and the China Rural Economic Research Association, forming a more systematic and comprehensive rural summary and laying a solid foundation for the formulation of rural policies. The current rural China is undergoing tremendous changes, and the formulation of rural revitalization strategies and the mobilization of farmers' enthusiasm are inseparable from survey and practice. The rural survey activities of the Communist Party of China during the Agrarian Revolutionary War provide far-reaching practical enlightenment for the work of the Party and the revitalization of the countryside.