In order to provide a policy basis for improving the early development of poor rural children, this paper uses quantitative data and quantitative research methods to study the early development of children in poor rural areas and the impact of family environmental quality on such development. The results show that the early development of poor rural children, especially the ability of social emotion is not perfect, and the quality of family environment has a significant impact on the early development of poor rural children. Therefore, in order to improve the early development of rural children, it is necessary to attach importance to the improvement of family environment and increase the interaction with children. The government needs to establish and improve the mechanism of providing early development services, increase investment and find more efficient service model.