Even at the beginning of the 21th century, hunger and malnutrition are still serious problems for many countries in the world. It is estimated that every three and a half seconds a person dies because of insufficient amount of food. There are as much as 925 million undernourished people on our planet. Hunger and malnutrition present in fact a great risk to the health worldwide, even greater than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis altogether. Eastern Europe and Central Asia are both regions with specific conditions and issues related to the poorer part of the population. The goal of this paper is to point out possible solutions for eradication of extreme poverty with specific focus on these two regions and to highlight the most important factors that have had an influence on the development of the agricultural sector in these regions.