@article{Grashuis:266415,
      recid = {266415},
      author = {Grashuis, Jasper and Dary, Stanley Kojo},
      title = {An empirical investigation of patent and trademark  ownership propensity and intensity in the U.S. food and  drink industry},
      journal = {International Food and Agribusiness Management Review},
      address = {2017},
      number = {1030-2018-024},
      year = {2017},
      abstract = {We use patent and trademark ownership data to study  product, process, and marketing innovation by 157  manufacturers in the U.S. public food and drink industry.  For the 2000-2014 period, most patented innovations relate  to processes for manufacturing and designs for marketing,  whereas patented innovations in food and drink products or  compositions are relatively few. Meanwhile, intellectual  property in general is more often protected by trademark  ownership. Empirically, we specify a panel logistic model  and a panel negative binomial model to study the  relationship of firm characteristics to the propensity and  intensity of patent and trademark ownership, respectively.  In each model, firm size exhibits a significant and  positive relationship to the propensity and intensity of  patented innovations in products, processes, and marketing.  Past innovation, past income, and firm age also have a  positive relationship to patent and trademark ownership in  most models, whereas leverage is only estimated to  negatively relate to the propensity and intensity of  trademark ownership. We use our main findings and  conclusions to inform research, management, and policy  implications.},
      url = {http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/266415},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.266415},
}