Aim of the study is to identify, among the EU-15, countries whose agricultural sector is the most competitive in comparison with Polish, and comparing the use of labor and land factor, to indicate the desired path of evolution of production factors structures in Poland. In the study Eurostat data collected in the Farm Structure Survey has been used. Using a statistical analysis of the production structure, Germany, France and Denmark were selected, for comparison with the Polish. Comparative analysis of the concentration of production factors, carried out by Lorenz curves and positional measures of central tendency, leads to the conclusion that within the agrarian structure exist small relative divergence, larger in absolute terms. This means that the agrarian structure in Poland is a representation of the structures of compared countries in correspondingly smaller scale. Much larger discrepancies occur in the case of labor factor, which leads to the much smaller labor productivity in Poland than in compared countries.