@article{Burke:249539,
      recid = {249539},
      author = {Burke, Paul J.},
      title = {The National-Level Energy Ladder and its Carbon  Implications},
      address = {2011-11},
      number = {450-2016-34073},
      pages = {36},
      year = {2011},
      abstract = {This paper documents an energy ladder that nations ascend  as their per capita incomes
increase. On average, economic  development results in an overall substitution from the
use  of biomass to fulfill energy needs to energy sourced from  fossil fuels, and then
toward nuclear power and certain  low-carbon modern renewables such as wind power.
The  results imply an inverse-U shaped relationship between per  capita income and the
carbon intensity of energy, which is  borne out in the data. Fossil fuel-poor countries are
more  likely to climb to the upper rungs of the national-level  energy ladder and
experience reductions in the carbon  intensity of energy as they develop than fossil  fuelrich
countries. Leapfrogging to low-carbon energy  sources on the upper rungs of the
national-level energy  ladder is one route via which developing countries can  reduce the
magnitudes of their expected upswings in carbon  dioxide emissions.},
      url = {http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/249539},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.249539},
}