The aim of the article was to depict changes in the level of concentration and to compare it with changes in market power execution in the Polish food industry in the period 2004-2013. The market power execution was defined as the firm’s ability to profitable rise the price above the marginal cost and was measured by the monopolistic markups. The paper covers the theoretical relationship between markups and concentration, literature review as well as own empirical research. It turns out that the rising concentration wasn’t accompanied by the rising market power execution. Consequently, there might be no point in the based on the concentration measurement policy aiming at improving the position of farmers against processors.