@article{Annaert:210952,
      recid = {210952},
      author = {Annaert, Bernd and Vranken, Liesbet and Mathijs, Erik},
      title = {Calculating the 'real' cost of apple production:  integrating environmental impacts using life cycle analysis  into economic data},
      address = {2015},
      number = {1008-2016-80042},
      pages = {20},
      year = {2015},
      abstract = {The environmental impact of apple cultivation practices in  Belgiium is evaluated based on FADN data from 2010-2012 for  64 farms. The study evaluates integrated production, the  most common practice, and it compares this production  method with conventional production and a small number of  organic producers.  A life cycle approach was used to  assess the environmental impacts of these farms.  Impacts  related to the categories 'acidification', 'eutrophication'  and 'global warming potential' were monetixed based on the  shadow price method in order to obtain external costs.   External costs increase the production costs at least with  5 percent. both when they are expressed per kilogram and  per hectare.  No significant improvement in environmental  costs were found for integreated farms compared to  conventional farms.  The findings showed however a large  variability in costs per farm.  Farm specific practices  have therefore an important influence on the total  environmental cost rather than production group specific  practices.},
      url = {http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/210952},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.210952},
}